Essay on Fame in Djerassi’s Cantors Dilemma -- Cantors Dilemma Essay

Dreams of Fame in Djerassi’s Cantor's Dilemma  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Opportunistic scientists, the most hypocritical deviants of the modern age, revolve around the scientific method, or at least they used to. The scientific method once involved formulating a hypothesis from a problem posed, experimenting, and forming a conclusion that best explained the data collected. Yet today, those who are willing to critique the work of their peers are themselves performing the scientific method out of sequence. I propose that scientists, or the "treasure hunters" of that field, are no longer interested in permanent solutions, achieved through proper use of the scientific method, and rather are more interested in solutions that guarantee fame and fortune. Fame and fortune as a motive for scientific discovery is a popular theme in fictional writing, especially in Cantor's Dilemma by Carl Djerassi. Cantor's Dilemma is a novel of the struggles of two scientists through life and a Nobel Prize "campaign". As one digs deeper into the context of the novel, one finds it similar to that of a political race, a fight for glory. For example, the "Cantor-Stafford experiment", the first tumorigenesis experiment tested in the novel, was not validated before its findings were published. This example fails to meet the standards of the scientific method because a conclusion was reached before experimentation was fully executed. Surely any true scientist would know such conclusions to be unsuitable and not "Nobel" worthy. Yet, Cantor and Stafford, both, won a Nobel Prize for their work. Kurt Krauss in Cantor's Dilemma, an opportunistic scientist, is the extreme of scientific deviance. As a fellow scientist and a competitor, Krauss is charged with the duty of ch... ...o not believe my experience has changed the ways of the scientist at that company. Both in fiction and in real life a certain breed of scientists has decided to ignore the scientific method and chase dreams of fame. With that fame, they hope to dig deep into our pockets and reap the benefits of their poor workmanship. It is most evident from the examples given that these scientists, who have seemingly reversed scientific evolution, no longer care for true science and the scientific method, but rather are interested in personal glory. 1 Carl Djerassi, Cantor's Dilemma (New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1991), pg. 113. 2 Djerassi, Cantor's Dilemma, pg. 113. 3 Abbott laboratories, medical news, (http://www.plsgroup.com/dg/72da.htm), 5:25 p.m. 9/23/97 4 "Cold Fusion Times", (Wellesey Hills, MA http://world.std.com), 7:15 p.m. 9/23/97      

He Garfunkeled Your Mother: a Psychoanalytic Reading of the Graduate

He Garfunkeled Your Mother: A Psychoanalytic Reading of The Graduate The 1967 film, The Graduate, staring Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft contains a plethora of human idiosyncrasies that would be of the utmost interest to the psychoanalytic minds of both Freud and Lacan. For this reading, I will focus on the theories of both Freud and Lacan in accordance with textual evidence to prove that Benjamin Braddock never achieves happiness in the end of the film, but has only just prolonged his quest to fight a miserable human existence.The most glaring and obvious reading of this film focuses around the character of Mrs. Robinson. An obvious Oedipal Complex emerges as Ben and Mrs. Robinson begin an affair. As an older woman, who Ben never calls by her first name, Mrs. Robinson becomes a replacement mother for Ben. Ben’s jealousy for his father emerges as Ben begins to understand his father is not worried about his own future, though Ben himself is extremely unsure about what the fut ure holds for his life. In fact, Ben’s father has built a distinctly upper class and well kept home for Ben and his mother.Ben subconsciously senses that his father holds all the power within the family dynamic as the sole breadwinner for the household. Understanding this unstated father-son rivalry, it is predictable through a Freudian interpretation that Ben would ultimately have sex with Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father’s business partner. By doing, Ben can displace his Oedipal desires of wooing his mother to distract from his father’s power and wealth without actually committing incest, and therefore displace his father from a position of power.The focus on mother imagery does not stop there. Ben is often depicted in water in the form of his swimming pool, or staring into the water of his fish tank. Tyson tells us that the imagery of â€Å"dreams that involve water, especially immersion in water, might also be about our relationships with our mothersâ €  (Tyson 21). This explains why filmmakers chose to emerge Ben, in his phallic looking scuba suit, into his swimming pool. This symbolizes Ben’s emersion into the depths of his Oedipal Complex.At one point his parents push his head back under the water, thus illustrating that they are the ones who subconsciously pushing Ben into a state of dependence upon them. Though this backfires as he displaces the need for a mother or parental figure into his relationship with Mrs. Robinson. In this same scene one could conclude that this setting emphasizes Ben’s submersion into a conflict of the id, ego, and superego. Under the water, where there is no language or sound, like the Laconian Imaginary, Ben has to battle with his id, the pleasures he receives from sex with Mrs.Robinson, and his ego, deciding upon the rationality of his decisions. Once he emerges from the water and enters into the Symbolic, he is then again subject to the superego where he must decide if what he i s doing with Mrs. Robinson is right or wrong (Tyson 25). Ultimately, Ben continually chooses to avoid the situation and confrontation entirely and emerge himself and his thoughts in his pool or fish tank in order to repress any further emotional agitation (Tyson 15). The Freudian concept of fetishes is also highlighted throughout the film to serve as a constant reminder and protection to Ben.In the infamous scene between Ben and Mrs. Robinson in the Robinson’s living room, Mrs. Robinson has conveniently placed her legs up on the bar stool next to her. Her legs are spread just enough to seem inviting but not enough to reveal the fact that she has been â€Å"castrated† to Ben. There is even a series of dialogue that occurs as Mrs. Robinson sexily removes her stockings. What is most important about this scene, though, is that the line â€Å"Mrs. Robinson, are you trying to seduce me? † is delivered by Ben as the camera focuses on him through a frame made by Mrs.Rob inson’s leg, arched and positioned on a stool. By choosing to frame the most famous line from the movie this way filmmakers can ensure that Ben is still seen by viewers as innocent, protected from shame, and therefore likable, as he has not been subjected to the fact that Mrs. Robinson does not have a penis. Freud also suggests that the fetish is important because â€Å"it also saves the fetishist from becoming a homosexual, by endowing women with the characteristic which makes them tolerable sexual objects† (Freud 843).Benjamin can retain his absolute heterosexuality in the eyes of the viewer even though he is explicitly stating he does not want to have sex with this woman. His attention and focus on her legs informs the reader that he is still interested in her as a sexual being. Soon, though, this view of Ben as innocent is then shattered, as Mrs. Robinson appears to Ben in the next scene as completely nude. After seeing the naked female body, Benjamin is fully awar e that Mrs. Robinson has been castrated. He interjects, â€Å"Oh God,† â€Å"Let me out,† and â€Å"Jesus Christ,† in fear of what his has seen.The playful focus on Mrs. Robinson’s legs is gone and what remains serves as the glaring realization that Ben could be â€Å"castrated† by losing favor or power in his community if anyone found out that he had seen Mrs. Robinson naked. Benjamin eventually uses the premise of castration and phallus as power in an attempt manipulate Mrs. Robinson after their affair has been going on for some time. After deciding he has had enough meaningless sex, Ben asks Mrs. Robinson about her family including her daughter Elaine. Mrs.Robinson insinuates that Ben is not good enough for her daughter and then refuses to answer why he is not deemed good enough for Elaine. Ben then rips the sheet away from Mrs. Robinson’s naked body to reveal that he is still the only one in the room with a phallus and therefore should h old the power, as a way to force her to answer his question. Quickly, Mrs. Robinson covers her body to reclaim power within the situation. The scene escalates to Mrs. Robinson putting on her stockings again, playing Ben’s focus to her legs once more. Ben easily succumbs to her wiles giving back the power of an imaginary phallus to the older woman.This scene exemplifies Freud’s theory of castration anxiety, as the power in the room is switched back and forth between the person, male or female, who seems to be in possession of the phallus. Another possible, though more complicated, reading of the film emerges in a Lacanian analysis. Unlike Freud, who would argue that having a phallus is of the utmost importance, Lacan complicates the idea of power by questioning if it’s more important to have the Phallus or to be the Phallus. Mrs. Robinson perfectly highlights how important it is for women to be the Phallus. Mrs.Robinson wants to be desired by Ben, which is why sh e becomes so angry at the fact Ben takes her daughter on a date. Mrs. Robinson sees her own daughter’s youth and beauty as a threat to Ben’s attraction and affection. This younger woman is a roadblock to Mrs. Robinson being â€Å"the desire of the other† as Ben now wants someone young and single who poses an option of marriage that Mrs. Robinson does and can not (Palmer 1). In contrast, Ben does not desire to be the Phallus. Instead, he’s chasing pavements, in a sense, as his true desire, or ultimate Phallus, is being able to predict his own future.Though at one time he desired to be with Mrs. Robinson, his sense of desire changes as he realizes Mrs. Robinson cannot give him what he wants the way that Elaine can. Only Elaine, with her youth and ability to marry can be the only one who truly cannot give him what he wants, insight into his future which includes the possibility of a wife and children. Under this Lacanian analysis, it is almost impossible to distinguish whether it is more important to have the Phallus or to be the Phallus as both characters are left as equally unhappy. Mrs.Robinson is left feeling undesired as Benjamin literally fights tooth and nail to be with Elaine, and Benjamin is left still unknowing what the future holds for him. The film ends with Ben and Elaine running away from Elaine’s wedding to hop on a bus, take one last glance at what they left behind, and sit facing their future, starting blankly. A conventional reading of this film might conclude that the film has a â€Å"happy ending† since Benjamin ultimately ended up with the girl he had been chasing throughout the movie and therefore should be happy with achieving his goal. Freud and Lacan would both vehemently disagree with this reading.Freud would infer that since Ben continued to repress his feelings and act out his Oedipal Complex he has an obvious perversion that could only be solved or aided with deep and prolonged psychotherapy. Likewise, Lacan would conclude that Benjamin’s continuous pursuit of the Phallus is ultimately futile. Since Ben can never fully predict or understand his future, even when a life with Elaine is imminent, he will never be fulfilled or validated, as he will still have desires he can never realize. Only now, he has the added obligation of carrying Elaine along with him on his never-ending hunt for fulfillment.Works Cited The Graduate. Dir. Mike Nichols. Perf. Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft. Embassy Pictures, 1967. DVD. Leitch, Vincent B. â€Å"Fetishism. † The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2010. 841-45. Print. Palmer, Donald D. â€Å"The Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. † Structuralism and Poststructuralism for Beginners. New York, NY: Writers and Readers, 1997. N. pag. Print. Tyson, Lois. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Criticism. † Critical Theory Today: A User-friendly Guide. New York: Routledge, 2006. 11-52. Print.

Synthesis Of Most Coagulation Factors And Inhibitors

Discussion: Liver has many haemostatic functions including the synthesis of most coagulation factors and inhibitors as well as fibrinolytic factors. The balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors is essential to prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels and to prevent spontaneous thrombosis (11).The global effect of liver disease with regard to hemostasis is therefore complex, so that patients with advanced liver disease can experience severe bleeding or even thrombotic complications (12). Non- PVT group At presentation (N=26) After 6 months (N=26) p No % No % Gastropathy Gastropathy grade I 3 11.53 4 15.3 0.6 Gastropathy grade II 4 15.38 3 11.5 Gastropathy grade III 3 11.53 0 0 Esophageal varices OV I 2 7.69 3 11.5 OV II 3 11.53 3 11.5 0.09 OV III 5 19.23 2 7.6 OV IV 4 15.38 1 3.8 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 12, 1539 – 1548 1545 In our study as regards presence of co- morbid factors namely DM and hypertension, the prevalence of DM and hypertension was higher in PVT group than non-PVT group, these results match the findings reported by Martinelli et al. (13) who clarified that hypertension and DM were associated with increased risk of PVT. That finding may be attributed to the association of dyslipidemia with diabetes and increased risk of atherosclerosis, so patients with liver cirrhosis and associated diabetes or hypertension carry the risk for PVT more than cirrhotic patients without them. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Synthesis Of Most Coagulation Factors And Inhibitors1103 Words   |  5 PagesLiver has many haemostatic functions including the synthesis of most coagulation factors and inhibitors as well as fibrinolytic factors. The balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors is essential to prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels and to prevent spontaneous thrombosis(11).The global effect of liver disease with regard to hemostasis is therefore complex, so that patients with advanced liver disease can experience severe bleeding or even thrombotic complications(12)Read MoreThe Use Of Anticoagulant Therapy And Its Effects On The Treatment1577 Words   |  7 Pagesbleeding disorders or potential adverse effects from the use of anticoagulant therapy. Warfarin (Coumadin) is a common anticoagulant that affects clotting factors that are produced in the liver. 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U nfortunately Coumadin therapy most resume or continue because of her history of A-Fib. The sedimentation rate elevated is expected for history diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients chest x-ray result indicative of COPD as resulted of no route intrathoracic finding stable mildRead MoreAnalysis Of Cushing s Syndrome ( Cs )1558 Words   |  7 PagesCS primarily consists in promoting the reduction of cortisol levels in order to avoid its damages by resecting the tumour that secretes cortisol (2). In addition to this invasive management, pharmacological therapy acts considerably as an adjuvant factor (1,2). In spite of not being the treatment of first choice, the function of pharmacological therapy in patients with CS is supplementary and may be helpful to improve the clinical situation of patients. These situations include patients in the preparationRead MoreInvestigating The Enzyme Activities Involved During The Failure Of Explanted Medical Devices1967 Words   |  8 Pages1. Summary: The study was conducted to assess the enzyme activities involved in the failure of explanted medical devices. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are one the most abundant cell types secreting many hydrolytic enzymes on failed explanted devices. Recent immunoblot analysis studies of MDM releasate have shown that the activated MDM cells in the system secrete enzymes with esterolytic activity, mainly cholesterol esterase (CE) and carboxyl esterace (CXE), which could be responsible forRead MorePotential Cardioprotective Effects Other than LDL Lowering1071 Words   |  4 Pagesextracellular matrix components and thus weaken the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques in vitro. Statins also by inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells and enhancing apoptosis modulate the cellularity of the artery wall. Statins and Coagulation The most compelling evidence of a non–lipid-lowering effect of a statin is the rosuvastatin-mediated reduction in venous thromboembolic events, a prespecified endpoint, in JUPITER. This trial demonstrated a 43% reduction in venous thromboembolic events

Current Health Promotion Obesity - 782 Words

Prepare a Current Health Promotion that analyzes a current health care need and is appropriate for use in the general public. Present a detailed analysis as to why your analysis is appropriate for the general public. Obesity is a significant problem for todays American children. The Northern California Cancer Center, for instance, calculates that more than 23 million children and teenagers are overweight and that this epidemic is growing. Sharma (2006) recommends that nutrition behaviors should focus on increased fruit and vegetable consumption, decreased fat intake, decreased consumption of carbonated drinks, adequate consumption of water and restricting portion sizes. This recommendation is appropriate for use in the general public particularly since children model what they see around them. If adults practice these recommendations too, children are more apt to model and less apt to become obese. Further, after analyzing and comparing at least two (2) other health promotion pamphlets, present a comparison and contrast as to why you have deemed the two as favorable/appropriate or unfavorable/inappropriate for use in the current and general health care population. The two pamphlets are by the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (2006) and another by the same organization. The essay refers to them as NSPL (1) and NSPL (2). I found NSPL (1) more attractive in that it spoke to the victim directly, was psychologically appealing and urgent, cogent and forceful and urgentShow MoreRelatedThe On Health Care Delivery1606 Words   |  7 PagesDeclaration of 1978 had significant consequences on health care delivery in Australia, facilitating the introduction of primary health care (PHC) in Australia. 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Although Obesity may not be taken seriously by many, it is one of the leading health issues in America today. Many don’t understand the causes of this obesity epidemic, but being educated on this topic is the best way to prevent and control this issue. A recent study from the Nation Center for Health Statistics show that nearly one third of theRead MoreWhy Is Health Promotion Campaign Important?1050 Words   |  5 Pagesencourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and choose healthier lifestyles. This is done by Persuasion through one to-one advice, information, mass campaigns, for example. Looking after Your Heart dietary messages The NHS involvement in providing health promotion Why is health promotion campaign important in the UK? There are fears that the recent generation and their children’s generation will age less successfully than the current older one – no surprise given that, although rates

Individual Moralities, Social Responsibilities and...

In the essay by J.S. Mill, â€Å"Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual,† he claims that â€Å"No person ought to be punished for simply being drunk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the build up to this conclusion, he offers several explanations for his reasoning, which include individual morality and responsibility, public interference and establishing precisely where authority over an individual beings for the society. As an individual within a society, you become obliged to follow certain codes of conduct, regardless of your own individual morals. To maintain a harmonious balance within a society, each person must behave within a certain code of conduct towards the rest of the individuals and the society as a whole. Although the â€Å"code† does not ask individuals to change their own morals, it does ask that they not injure the interests or rights of others. One must also realize that their morals may differ from that of another individual. Although they may practice their right of freedom by living according to their own morals and beliefs, they must still attempt to live within this social code of conduct. Furthermore, it becomes the responsibility of one’s self to ensure they are respecting the benefits given to them as a part of the society. As Mill says, â€Å"Everyone who receives the protection of society owes a return for the benefit.† (16) This can be achieved in various ways, such as returning good deeds, and acting in good faith towards the society. Unfortunately, it is often muchShow MoreRelatedSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesSubpoenas or Other Legal Process 98 XII. DISCIPLINARY ACTION AND VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE 98 XIV. APPLICATION/WAIVERS 100 XV. TO REPORT AN ETHICS VIOLATION 101 2.63- Many professional and industries association’s code of ethics: 102 RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL: 102 3.0- CONCLUSION: 105 4.0-REFFERENCES 106 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: Six primary sources have been identified in the American business area by ethics scholarsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesenough reasons. You applied this principle when you asked Juanita why she thought it best to leave. Similarly, if you expect people to accept your own conclusion, then its your responsibility to give them reasons they can appreciate. If you expect people to accept your own conclusion, then its your responsibility to give them reasons they can appreciate. Lets examine that last remark. A conclusion backed up by one or more reasons in any order is called an argument, even when the reasoner

Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism Free Essays

According to the Tate Gallery’s exposition (1979) Cubism has remained the most important and influential movement of the 20th century, notwithstanding the movement’s short duration. According to Read (1994) the major period for Cubism was from 1907 to 1914, with Picasso and Braque as the main originators of the movement. The rationale for the Tate’s statement is given as â€Å"the artists associated with [Cubism] took some of the most decisive steps towards abstraction†, and this extreme development â€Å"has become the archetype of later revolutionary movements† (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism or any similar topic only for you Order Now 84). The movement, according to Read, was the first abstract style of the 20th century, and named by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles, who took up a remark by Matisse about â€Å"Braque’s little cubes† (p. 100). One source (artlex. com) cites Vauxcelles as saying: â€Å"M. Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and houses, to geometric schemas and cubes. † One of the most innovative developments is that the creators of Cubism sought to replace a single viewpoint and light source, normal within the western art world since the Renaissance, with a much more complete representation of any object, combining many ‘aspects’. Initially colours were temporarily abandoned and shapes were simplified and flattened. Space was furthermore rendered by means of oblique lines and overlapping forms (The Tate Gallery, 1979). According to Belton (2002, p. 109) Picasso and Braque both struggled with the problem of representing three dimensional objects and figures in the two dimensional medium of painting; â€Å"their solution was to create an abstract form that could display two or more sides of an object simultaneously†. Whilst Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon is generally viewed as the first Cubist painting, Read (1994) argues that the painting might be more usefully viewed as ‘pre-Cubist’, or ‘proto-Cubist’, as it was so heavily influenced by Iberian or African art. Cezanne’s later work is often viewed as the catalyst for the development of Cubism, and Read cites Cezanne’s advice to Bernard â€Å"to deal with nature by means of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone† (p. 100). Cezanne, by trusting his eyes and attempting to express natural, binocular vision, allowed for the ‘truth’ of the shifted viewpoint (Moszynska, 1990). Cubism gives the artist a way of depicting the world in a way that goes beyond what can be seen, and attempts to deal with the energies of objects. According to Read (1994) Cubism could be categorized into various divisions, including ‘analytic’, ‘hermetic’ and ‘synthetic’. This essay will mainly concentrate in the analytic and synthetic forms of Cubism. The term ‘hermetic’ refers to the largely or wholly indecipherable way of representing an object in the flatter type of abstraction, as typical of both Braque’s and Picasso’s later way of working. In this phase the allover pattern became more important. Other sources (including artlex. com) refer to ‘analytic’ cubism as ‘facet’ cubism. Analytical and Synthetic Cubism acquired their names through the comments by art historian Einstein, and in effect are retrospective labels. Einstein wrote that the â€Å"simplistic distortions† employed by Picasso, as typified by his portrait of Gertrude Stein, led to â€Å"a period of analysis and fragmentation and finally to a period of synthesis† (as cited in Foster, Krauss, Bois and Buchloh, 2004, p. 106). The analytical phase of Cubism, as developed by Braque and Picasso, was characterised by a number of different features, starting with the contraction of the painters’ palettes, away from the full colour spectrum to rather monochrome selections, which Foster et al. term ‘abstemious’. The second characteristic is the extreme flattening of the visual space, â€Å"as though a roller had pressed all the volume out of the bodies† (ibid. , p. 106). The third characteristic identified by Foster et al. is the visual vocabulary used to describe â€Å"the physical remains of this explosive process† (p. 06). Foster et al. illustrate these features with Picasso’s portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) and Bracque’s painting The Portuguese (The Emigrant, 1911-12). The grey or tonal scale, the traditional tool of representing volume, is used very differently by the Cubists. Kahnweiler, the art dealer who exhibited both Braque and Picasso’s work, identified the â€Å"bringing about the unity of the pictorial object† as the exclusive concern of Cubism (Foster et al. , 2004, p. 107). Kahnweiler’s view as upheld by Greenberg, who saw Analytical Cubism as the fusion between two types of flatness: the â€Å"depicted flatness†, shoving the fragmented objects closer to the surface, and the â€Å"literal flatness† of that surface (ibid. , p. 109). Foster and his colleagues however question this: they note a number of differences between the evident intentions of Braque and Picasso in relation to the flat plane, with Picasso, being more ‘tactile’, more focused on exploring the possibilities of using Cubism for sculpture, and Braque more concerned with transparency. Steinberg too, urged against the blurring of Picasso and Braque’s pictures. The two exponents of Cubism saw themselves as being ‘roped together’ like mountaineers in their exploration of this new way of working, with the ebullient Spaniard referring to Braque as his ‘wife’. However, Braque was loyal to ‘passage’, the practice of visual slippage between adjacent elements, whereas Picasso, according to Foster et al. , had an â€Å"overwhelming concern with a vestigial kind of depth† (ibid, p. 109). Picasso seemed more focused on making depth tactile, as Foster et al. demonstrate with showing Picasso’s central plunging depth in Houses on the hill: Horta de Ebro (1909). They go on to argue that Braque is more concerned with the ‘diaphanous’ quality of Cubism, with the loss of traditional notions of figure and ground The Tate Gallery (1979, p. 85) presents Braque’s Clarinet and a Bottle of Rum on a Mantelpiece (1911) as a crucial point in Cubism, â€Å"when the breaking down of objects had been carried to a point very close to complete abstraction†. After this point Braque and Picasso started to introduce areas of wood-graining, the use of collage, and a re-introduction of colour, thereby representing objects in a more recognisable, but also more symbolic way. According to Gersh-Nesic (n. d. ) Synthetic Cubism integrates â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† art (art made by an artist combined with art made for commercial purposes, such as packaging), and according to some can be considered the first Pop Art. Even before 1912 Braque and Picasso had introduced stenciled lettering into their paintings. These stencils were not fine art, they were used for packaging and pub signs. The stencils draw attention to the surface of the canvas, since the uniform letters appear independent of what’s painted underneath them. Two technical innovations exemplify new development in Cubism: papier colle and collage. Papier colle involves sticking coloured paper onto the canvas and was invented by Braque. Collage was developed by Picasso, and involved sticking all sorts of materials, such as leather, newspaper, material and rope, onto the surface. Sticking different materials, such as woodgrain, onto the surface of the painting playfully confused what was real and what was an illusion (Tate, n. d. ). New, provocative questions are raised with the use of collage, namely: what is more realistic, to perfectly simulate the look of a newspaper in oil paint, or to stick actual newspaper onto the canvas? (Tate, n. d. ). Wadley (1970, p. 13) holds that â€Å"technically and conceptually† Synthetic Cubism was â€Å"a denial of the European tradition†, in that the surface was now the furthest point from the spectator, not the nearest. Artists working in a synthetic way started with the terms of painting, and from them composed an image which they could justly claim was more real, â€Å"since it in no sense distorted or imitated something else† (ibid. p. 14). Gris, who was the clearest formulator of cubist theory, stated: I work with the elements of the intellect, with the imagination. I try to make concrete that which is abstract. I proceed from the general to the particular, by which I mean that I start with an abstraction in order to arrive at a true fact. Mine is an art of synthesis, of deduction. (ibid. , p. 129) Gris was called a ‘demon of logic’ by Apollinaire. Indeed, his way of working and thinking was different from his Cubist colleagues. According to Wadley the integration in Gris’ work is tighter than in comparable Picassos or Braques. Gris used collage only in his paintings, and its effect is always to strengthen the rigid division of the surface. [ ]There is no hint of Picasso’s ragged edges and random encounters, nor of Braque’s simple elements floating in a spacious arena. The total effect is of tight concentration. (Wadley, 1970, p. 82) Gris’ meticulous style is evident in how he has painstakingly arranged the letters in ‘Le Matin’ in Man in the Cafe, to correspond with the diagonal columns and echo the horizontal line elow (ibid). Foster et al. (2004) make a ‘semiotic’ reading of Picasso’s use of material in his Violin (1912): the ‘twin’ pieces of newsprint paper represent on the one hand the frontal, opaque (wood of the violin), as well as the transparent, amorphous ‘ground’ (background colour). They go on to claim that a similar visual play of meaning is evident in Picasso’s Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass and Newspaper (1913), where a piece of wallpaper is used to represent the liquid in the glass, the rim of the glass, and the ground of the table-cloth. The cut out piece used for the liquid (looking like a chef’s top hat) represents transparency, whilst the ‘negative shape’ left by the incision represents the solid stem of the glass. The viewer might be left with the question whether the ever playful Picasso was just enjoying a visual pun, or whether he intended any of this to be read as ‘signs’. The artist himself stated: â€Å"Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psycho-analysis, music and whatnot, have been related to cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, which brought bad results, blinding people with theories. (Wadley, 1970, p. 128) During its lifetime both Analytical and Synthetic Cubism encompassed and influenced many artists – the most notable of these being Leger, the three Duchamp/Villon brothers, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Gleizes and Metzinger (who published a book on Cubism). For some of these artists Cubism functioned as a transition, although Picasso would hold that â€Å"Cubism is neither a seed, nor a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life† (Wadley, p. 28). It led artists like Piet Mondrian to what he saw as its logical end, complete abstraction. Cubism may have been short-lived as a movement, but it continues to influence contemporary art to this day. Collage, for instance, has become a widely practiced form of art. And in terms of form, the practice of reducing everything to the ‘cylinder, the sphere and the cone’ was brought to mind on viewing some of Manolo Valdes’ work, in an exhibition in The Hague this summer. How to cite Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism, Essay examples

Cupcake Leavening Methods free essay sample

I have found three that I will test in order to find which produces the fluffiest, or least dense, batch of cupcakes. They allow for a greater leavening, or increase of volume of baking dough caused by the formation of gas bubbles. The methods to create this effect on the cupcakes are using egg whites only, mixing each ingredient separately before adding them to the mixture, and adding a teaspoon of corn starch to the mix. Eggs are a necessary ingredient to nearly any baked good. However, the two parts of the egg, the yolk and the white, have very different compositions. Egg yolks are high in fat, while the whites contain a great amount of protein. Fats interfere with the proteins ability to form bonds and trap air, keeping them from becoming as fluffy as they could be. However, whipping egg whites on their own mixes air into the whites and disarranges their protein molecules. We will write a custom essay sample on Cupcake Leavening Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The protein molecules are usually in clusters. Whipping causes them to stretch out and link together, trapping the air into tiny bubbles. Thus, using the egg whites on their own allows the proteins to whip up to their fullest potential height. A simpler method of decreasing the density of a batch of cupcakes is to mix each ingredient separately before adding them all together. By putting all dry ingredients into a bowl and whisking them until there are no lumps you are lightening the cake mix. Also, one should mix the eggs before their addition because this adds many small bubbles to them, which will cause bubbles to also be in the cupcakes, thereby making them light and fluffy. Finally, it is said that adding a teaspoon of cornstarch to your cupcakes before baking them will allow for extra lightness. Cornstarch is made from the endosperm of corn or wheat. It is used in baking as a leavening agent. It includes starch, which absorbs moisture and lets the little bubbles to form more easily in the batter during baking. Cornstarch does not contain any gluten, which is a strong and stretchy protein that gives baked goods a very solid structure. As temperature rises while the cupcakes bake, the cornstarch cause gas molecules to move farther apart, thus expanding air cells. This reaction will give the cupcakes the desired fluffiness. An important part of my experimentation will be determining the density of each cupcake. The formula for finding density is Density=Mass/Volume. In order to find the density, however, I must first find the mass and volume. Using a triple beam balance I can find the mass, but the volume will be more complicated. I have determined that the easiest way to calculate the volume would be to hypothetically separate each cupcake into thin segments by increments of approximately one centimeter. Then, I will have many approximate cylinders sitting on top of each other. Next, all I must do is measure the circumference of each cylinder, use that number to calculate the radius, and input that radius into the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder: Volume=? *radius^2*height. By adding the volume of each cylinder I can find the volume of the entire cupcake. I will do this to each cupcake in each batch and use the volume to determine the densities. Then, the batch with the lowest average density of cupcake is the one with the most effective method. Using all this research, I have hypothesized that the cornstarch will do the greatest amount of leavening.